Use of ropes and plumb bobs for measurement and alignment
Groma and water level for road and aqueduct construction
Introduction of the magnetic compass for land surveying
Development of the theodolite by Leonard Digges
Compass and chain surveying was one of the earliest systematic surveying methods. It uses a compass for measuring directions and a Gunter's chain (66 feet) for measuring distances. This method was widely used in the American colonies for land surveys and property boundaries.